C

C blastomere (S)
C founder cell (S)

An embryonic founder cell which is born dorsally and whose daughter cells give rise to dorsal hypodermis, some somatic muscle cells and several neurons.

In earlier publications,"C" may also refer to the postembryonic blast C cell (C ectoblast) which was later renamed "Y".

Amphid wing "c" cells, neurons having ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath

See AW (Amphid wing) cell

CA1
CA2
CA3
CA4
CA5
CA6
CA7
CA8
CA9

Male specific cell
Male specific cell
Male specific cell
Male specific neuron, innervates dorsal muscles
Male specific neuron, innervates dorsal muscles
Male specific neuron, innervates dorsal muscles
Male specific neuron, innervates dorsal muscles
Male specific cells in VC, neuron-like, but lack synapses
Male specific cells in VC, neuron-like, but lack synapses

Previously unnamed strain PB2801 was renamed in honor of Syndey Brenner. While closely related to C. elegans and C. briggsae, and having similar biological characteristics, adults are either male or female, not hermaphrodites. Sequencing of the genome is ongoing.

See Phylogeny

A commonly studied species of nematode whose anatomical features are extremely similar to Caenorhabditis elegans, and whose genetic sequences are being compared in exacting detail against the genome of C. elegans. C. briggsae and C. elegans cannot interbreed to create fertile progeny, but are otherwise extremely similar in behavior and ecology; they are likely to be very close relatives evolutionarily (Nigon and Dougherty, 1949; Baird et al., 1992).

See Phylogeny

CANL
CANR

Cap cell (S)
Socket cell (S)

1) Older name for socket cell.

2) Can also refer to a large piece of shed cuticle that had originally covered the head. From the cap’s dimensions, it has been suggested that secretions from the excretory system might provide a molting enzyme that works to weaken this piece of cuticle near the excretory pore at the back of the head in some species (Chitwood and Chitwood, 1951; Bird and Bird, 1991). In C. elegans, laser ablation experiments to remove the excretory system have not inhibited the molting process (Singh and Sulston, 1978).

See Socket cell

Cauda/Caudal

Tail/of a tail, relating to a tail. Located at or directed towards the posterior part of the body.

The lateral specialization of the cuticle in the male tail, more commonly known as the fan.

See Fan

Vesicular organelles which are a specialized feature of some plasma membranes. They could be the basis of endocytosis or other forms of membrane-trafficking in some nematode cell types. Caveolae are notably smaller and less electron dense than coated vesicles 50-100 nm for caveolae, 200-300 nm diameter for coated vesicles, according to Razani and Lisanti (2001). Caveolin proteins are principal components of these organelles.

A caveolin-1 mutant in C. elegans blocks cell cycle progression (Scheel et al., 1999).

See Coated vesicle

An outpocketing (diverticulum) or blind ending of the lumen of the intestine, usually forming a side branch of the lumen proper. In C. elegans, the anterior intestinal lumen between the first four cells is quite large in volume, but no distinctive side branches form there.

Ceca are common in some other nematode species, especially at the anterior limit, and may form along the length of the intestine of some C. elegans mutants.

CEll Death abnormality phenotype or mutation.

See Cell death

There are a number of distinct mechanisms by which individual cells within the organism can die, generally without direct death of the whole animal. In C. elegans, many cells die via apoptosis, or programmed cell death, soon after their birth (Conradt and Xue, 2005). In a variety of disease mechanisms, in old age, in some mutant phenotypes, and after toxic treatments, various cells may be induced to die by alternate mechanisms, which include necrosis (Syntichaki and Tavernarakis, 2002). These pathways are distinct, but share some components and cellular machinery. The morphological features of these various modes of death are in some ways distinctive, but dying cells can often show mixed characters. The corpses of dead cells rarely linger, but are quickly engulfed and phagocytosed by neighboring cells.

See Apoptosis
See Necrosis
See Autophagy
See Programmed cell death
See Engulfment

A common feature in C. elegans tissues, in which the lateral borders of two or more cells become tightly fused and then open to form a patent channel between the cells (Podbilewicz and White, 1994; Podbilelwicz, 2006). In some cases, the point of fusion remains quite small, and fragments of the former cell border can be retained, such that the cells seem virtually separate (as in pharyngeal muscle cell pairs). In other cases, all vestiges of the former border are removed, cell nuclei migrate across from one zone to the next, and the combined syncytial structure shows little resemblance to the original chain of cells (as in the hyp7 syncytium). In the germline, all young germ cells are fused to a common rachis and may share intracellular components with the rachis, yet these cells mature independently and eventually separate from the rachis (reversing

In C. elegans, syncytial cells include some of the hypodermal cells, excretory gland cell, vulva epithelium, uterus epithelium, pharyngeal muscles, pharyngeal epithelial marginal cell, pharyngeal g1 gland cell, ant and post arcade, tail spike cells and seam cells.

See Rachis
See Syncytium

A developmental process that results in the rearrangement of several C. elegans tissues in which cells migrate for short distances from their place of birth to surround a developing epithelial structure, as in the intestine and vulva, or to form a discrete chain of cells such as the ventral nerve cord and embryonic hypodermis.

Intercalation can be used to describe the positions of excess cells (or structures) that come to lie within a row of other cells due to changes in cell fate due to mutation or developmental anomalies.

Some cells are born at some distance from their terminal locations as mature cells, and must crawl in amoeboid fashion within the body cavity to reach their eventual destination. They follow molecular signals expressed by cells along the route of their migration or by cells within their target tissue.

During gastrulation, many young cells shift positions within the expanding embryo to form an internal layer of cells. The distal tip cells differentiate and then begin to crawl within the body cavity to guide outgrowth of the gonad. The hypodermal cells of the male tail migrate to lead the retraction (migration) of other cell types from the extreme tail tip prior to morphogenesis of the posterior fan and rays.

One differentiated cell type, the gonad sheath cell (1st pair only) in the mature adult gonad appears to crawl continuously by filopodial extension to try to cover the exposed surface of the dividing germline. Some sensory neurons which are born at the surface of the body, later migrate inward and towards the central ganglia, leaving behind a sensory dendrite attached to the bodywall. Many larval cells make shorter migrations in tissues as they reposition themselves to form epithelial layers, including the developing intestine.

Process by which maturing germ cells, which are initially connected via the rachis within the distal gonad arm, break free from the rachis to continue the final stages of development, either as individual spermatocytes or oocytes, or to undergo programmed cell death.

See Cell fusion
See Nurse cells
See Rachis

CEMDL
CEMDR
CEMVL
CEMVR

Cephalic companion cell (S)

A sensory neuron cell type found in the head of males but not hermaphrodites (these cells die in the hermaphrodite embryo). Each CEM shares the same sheath cell as the CEP neuron in the four dorsal and ventral lips, and forms a sense ending which opens separately to the exterior through the cuticle (See Cephalic Sensilla). They may mediate male chemotaxis towards hermaphrodites.

See Wishbone cells

Central cylinder

See Apical ring

A specific portion of the chromosomal pair during synapsis that forms part of the synaptonemal complex and runs between the lateral elements. Ladder-like in structure, it has two longitudinal components and regularly spaced transverse components that bridge the longitudinal components and may be subdivided into 3-4 layers (Schmekel and Daneholt, 1995).

See Axial element
See Lateral element
See Synaptonemal complex

Centration

A coordinated movement during prophase of the two centrosomes and the two pronuclei towards the center of the one cell embryo (Gönczy and Rose, 2005)

A small cylindrical structure, usually found in pairs, that are found at each pole of the mitotic spindle in animal cells and some other eucaryotes. Centrioles lie perpendicular to one another to form the centrosome and organize the mitotic spindle for cell division. While in most animals, centrioles are composed of nine triplet microtubules, in C. elegans the centriole has a nine singlet conformation (for more detail see Oegema and Hyman, 2006).

Centrioles are also found distally in the dendrites of some sensory neurons, at the basal pole of the cilium. Presumably the centriole organizes the microtubules which make up the distal cilium, and perhaps the contents of the striated rootlet, where present.

See Centrosome

This structure acts as the primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC), and is important both for creation of the mitotic spindle during cell division, and for creation of the cytoplasmic network of microtubules during cytokinesis and during G1 and G2 phases. The centrosome contains two centrioles, plus the intermediate filament protein, IFA, and is generally surrounded by a halo of other fibrous materials including the ZYG-9 protein (Leung et al., 1999). Shortly after fertilization of the early embryo, the centrosome becomes anchored to the plasma membrane asymmetrically near the point of entry of the sperm into the egg; this anchoring point helps to establish the initial polarity of the embryo. Later in cell division, just after duplication of the centrosomes, the two daughter centrosomes show specific movements within the cytoplasm to organize two independent mitotic spindles, including the “rotation” of one centrosome versus its sister, and the “centering” of each centrosome within two different domains to establish separate regions with independently organized axes of polarity.

See Centriole

All four are dopaminergic neurons of cephalic sensilla.

See Cephalic sensilla section

Refers specifically to the sensory specializations of the CEP and CEM neurons and socket and sheath cells. In some nematode species these sensilla lie on the head (hence “cephalic”) rather than on the lips (Coomans, 1979), but in C. elegans the cephalic sensilla lie close to the outer labial (OL) sensilla on the lips proper (See Cephalic sensilla section).

See CEP cell
See CEM cell

A cuticular specialization found in some plant parasitic nematodes, appearing highly refractile, possibly due to thinning of the cuticle within one annulus, local tissue adhesion to the cuticle, or the local passage of a nerve commissure close to the annulus (McLaren, 1976).

See Hemizonid

See Deirid

Cyan fluorescent protein.

See GFP

The most anterior portion of the buccal capsule or stoma. It is the portion of the anterior digestive tract which is enclosed by the lips.

See Prostom
See Telostom

Area of neuron to neuron communication where the "presynaptic" process releases the chemical contents (neurotransmitter or neuropeptide) of a small vesicle into the extracellular space to signal one or more nearby “postsynaptic” neuron processes. In C. elegans, the release zone within the presynaptic process typically shows a small collection of synaptic vesicles and an electron dense specialization attached to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. Unlike higher animals though, the postsynaptic processes rarely display any membrane density marking the collection of receptors. Chemical synapses may have one postsynaptic target (monadic), two targets (dyadic) or three targets (triadic).

See Electrical synapse
See Gap junction

Attractant (S)
Repellant (A)

Repellant (S)
Attractant (A)

See Repellant
See Attractant

Detection of a chemical cue which elicits a response in the animal so that it can react to food, danger or the presence of other animals. The amphids, which contain 11 pairs of chemosensory neurons, are the primary chemosensory organs. See Bargmann, 2006 for more detail.

See Amphid sensilla section
See Chemotaxis

The guided behavior of an animal to approach or avoid the source of a chemical signal in the environment. In C. elegans, chemoreceptors in the lips sense these signals and the animal can be observed to wag its head from side to side, apparently to compare signal strengths and detect the direction of a chemical gradient, before moving its whole body up (positive chemotaxis) or down (negative chemotaxis) the gradient. The animal modulates its rate of turning to redirect itself up or down the gradient (Miller et al., 2005; Bargmann, 2006). Chemotaxis assays have been developed to study this behavior and the cells and genes that are involved in C. elegans.

The most prominent layer within the eggshell, lying between the inner “lipid layer” (the “inner” vitelline membrane), and the outer vitelline layer. Although the development of this layer is still unclear in C. elegans, the chitinous layer is perhaps secreted by the oocyte itself, just after fertilization.

According to Bird and Bird (1991), the eggshell is the only place in nematodes where chitin is known to be utilized. There are protein structures mixed into this layer in some nematode species as microfibrils or as radial pillars, but these have not been demonstrated in C. elegans.

See Eggshell
See Oolemma
See Zona pellucida

Dense material displayed in the cuticle in association with the tip of the sensory cilium as in the cephalic sensory cilia.

A distinctive arrangement of doublet microtubules that form a circular ring when viewed in cross-section, found within the basal bodies of many chemosensory cilia in C. elegans including the amphids (Perkins et al., 1986).

A ciliary proteome database which includes cilia-associated proteins (Inglis et al., 2006).

Long, usually motile, whiplike or hairlike appendages that are attached to eukaryotic cells. Cilia contain an axoneme which is made of a pair of central microtubules surrounded by nine pairs of microtubules around the outside (9+2 arrangement). Although the cilia in nematodes are homologous to the cilia in other animals, they are not motile. To date, no nematode with motile cilia has been found. Cilia are retained in sensory organs in nematodes in which the specialized sensory ending of a neuron often features a bundle of microtubules extending distally from a basal body, most often very distant from the cell soma (For more detail see Inglis et al., 2007).

A wide variety of specializations are known among the cilia in C. elegans, including local branches, intracellular dense blobs or dark vesicles, striated rootlets that can extend proximal to the basal body, and local external attachments to the basal lamina, the cuticle or within a glial (structural) cell. They are presumed to be the site of sensory transduction by a specific modality for which the ciliary specializations are suited; e.g. chemo-, osmo-, thermo-, mechano-, photo-, etc. Signals transduced by the cilium are carried to the sensory cell soma by a dendrite and then along an axon to the cell’s synapses.

Describes a muscle cell in which the sarcomeres completely encircle the outer bound of the cell, with the cytoplasmic muscle belly confined to a central core of the cell. Only a few specialized muscles in nematodes may fit this condition.

See Meromyarian

A very distinctive phenotype in which the adult nematode is remarkably transparent when viewed by light microscopy due to a single gene mutation, clr-1(Kokel et al., 1998). These animals also exhibit other morphological changes, including some bloating and a shorter body length.

clr-1 encodes a receptor tyrosine phosphatase which attenuates signaling by egl-15, a fibroblast growth factor receptor. It appears that these genes act in the hypodermis to regulate fluid homeostasis (Huang and Stern, 2004).

A structure in the adult male tail, equivalent to the proctodeum (rectum and anus) of the hermaphrodite, where the vas deferens and the intestine open out jointly into an enclosed sinus near the tail tip to discharge their contents. The cloaca refers to the cuticle-lined chamber where these tissues join, including the spicule pouch and ventral opening, but not to the cells themselves, which are all part of the proctodeum (Lints and Hall, 2005).

See Gubernaculum
See Proctodeum

CLeaR phenotype or mutation.

See Clear phenotype

An intermediate stage of endocytosis, in which the plasma membrane indents when organized by a coat of clathrin on the cytoplasmic surface; the coated pit continues to indent and become more spherical until it breaks off to form a coated vesicle. They have been seen in neurons near synapses and at the base of sensory cilia and in coelomocytes (Hall, unpublished). Coated pits are larger in diameter than coated vesicles.

See Caveola / Caveolae
See Coated vesicle

Cavity formed between separate mesodermal layers which, in vertebrates, includes pleural, peritoneal and pericardial spaces. The mesodermal layer around the coelomic cavity is an epithelium proper with a basal lamina on the outside and very often cilia facing the lumen. There is no true coelomic cavity in the nematodes but a pseudocoelom.

See Pseudocoelom

In the spermatozoon, an electron dense cytoplasmic specialization surrounding an ER membrane through which the membrane converts to form smaller membranous vesicles on the cis face of the Golgi apparatus (Wolf et al., 1978). The two portions of membrane compartment separated by the collar have also been referred to as the head lobe (smaller) and body lobe (larger) (Achanzar and Ward, 1997). After fusion of the membranous organelle with the spermatozoon’s plasma membrane, the collar is thought to persist and to reinforce the fusion pore, keeping it open while fibrous contents from the MO are extruded to the outside surface of the spermatozoon.

See Membranous organelle

1) A nematode's ability to invade and reproduce in a local habitat.

2) The ability of a bacteria, fungus or virus to invade the nematode and reproduce there.

Interneurons whose synaptic output represent a “final common pathway” to motor neurons. The synaptic activities of command interneurons lead directly to the control of locomotion. This group of interneurons include AVA, AVB, AVD, AVE and PVC.

See Interneuron

A lifestyle in which two species live together (and perhaps to feed together), at no harm to either organism and for the benefit of one (but not both) of the organisms. If both species derive obvious benefits, it is considered mutualism.  It has been suggested that C. vulgaris may have a commensal relationship with pillbugs in the wild, living under the shell of the pillbug and perhaps consuming bacteria there (Baird et al., 1994).

See Free living
See Mutualism
See Necromenic
See Parasite
See Phoretic

The passage of a neuron process or a bundle of neuron processes between two different nerve cords or between two bilateral ganglia. In higher animals a commissure always consists of many processes traveling in parallel to reach a shared destination. However, in C. elegans, a commissure can consist of a single neuron process. Such commissural axons in the nematode always travel in direct contact with a thin coating of the hypodermis, and most run circumferentially along the outer body wall.

Commissures in C. elegans are:
Amphid commissure: bilateral
Deirid commissure: bilateral
Dorso-rectal commissure: bilateral
Lumbar commissure: bilateral, comprises the full route of axons from preanal ganglion (ventral side) to dorsal cord
Lumbar-preanal commissure: bilateral, a portion of the lumbar commissure comprising the ventral to lateral portion only
Motor neuron commissures: each runs either from left or right side, processes of D type motor neurons that travel from ventral cord to dorsal cord along the body

See Commissures section

A defecation mutant phenotype where animals exhibit delayed or infrequent defecation cycles.

See Defecation motor program
See Constipated/ Constipation

LSCM (S)
Laser scanning confocal microscopy (S)

This high resolution microscopy is used for imaging fluroescent signals in fixed specimens.

A reduction in the normal rate of defecation, leading to an abnormal buildup of digestion products inside the lumen of the hindgut.

See Defecation motor program

A feature in which two neuron processes touch each other to form a gap junction and terminate at that point. Very common at the distal extreme of the nerve ring (most commonly between bilateral processes extending from neurons of the same class) and along the length of some motor nerves (between functional homologues such as VD's or DD's).

Refers to a cell or cell extension which lies across the midline from a reference object.

An intercellular junction found only in the spermatheca, in which the two plasma membranes are separated at a distance (the septa) but show no cytoplasmic density or specialization to mark the junction. Their presence is most easily noted by MH27 (AJM-1) antibody staining.

Alternately, this term has been used to characterize extensive adherens junctions, or “belt desmosomes”, that extend “continuously” over the entire apposition of two epithelial cells.

See Septate junction

A mutant phenotype in which the animal suffers from local contractions or stretching of the bodywall muscles occurring synchronously over all four dorsal and ventral quadrants, so that the local portion of the body seems to lengthen or shorten (Williams et al., 2004).  Global changes in length operating on all bodywall muscles synchronously are often called the Rubberband phenotype.

See Rubberband phenotype

Gelatinous material deposited into the opening of the vulva of the hermaphrodite by a male at the termination of mating behavior. The plug can produce a visible swelling that completely covers the vulval region. The plug may preserve for up to 24 hrs before egg laying forces it to be shed.

Some strains of C. elegans males secrete plug material, while other strains do not (Barker, 1994). Presence of the plug has been shown to interfere with successful mating by a second male, and thus protects the sperm from the first male (the “plugging male”) from competition from sperm from a second male.

The ability to produce a plug is ascribed to the function of a single gene, plg-1 (Hodgkin and Doniach, 1997). The plug material appears to be formed by coagulation of a secreted yellow liquid, which collects in seminal vesicle during mating, and is secreted at the end of mating, during which time the male continues to “linger” near the vulva, after the termination of sperm transfer (Barker, 1994). plg-1 probably encodes a coagulant, not the yellow liquid itself, since non-plugging males also exude the yellow liquid.

This term has multiple, overlapping uses. It can refer to:

1) The bundled nerves running along the longitudinal body axis, i.e. “nerve cords”

2) the hypodermal extensions lying along the sides (dorsal, ventral, left or right), i.e. “hypodermal cords”

3) the combination of nerve processes plus hypodermis along the longitudinal body axis

See Hypodermal ridge
See Nerve cord

The outermost region of the cytoplasm, directly underlying the plasma membrane of a cell. It is a site of concentration for specific molecular determinants governing cell development and the point of anchorage for cytoskeletal elements (Munro et al., 2004). The term is often used with regard to the developing blastomere. Other cell types with distinctive specializations of their cortex include the intestine, the excretory canal, and the uterus (Gobel et al., 2004).

See Glycocalyx
See Lumen

Outer layer of cuticle (S)
Epicuticle (S)
Cortical Zone (S)

The outermost layer of the adult cuticle is called the cortical layer, and appears more densely staining both by light microscopy and by TEM observation. By some accounts the cortical layer can be subdivided further to identify an external cortical layer that is the darkest part, an internal cortical layer that is similar to the matrix layer, and a medial layer.

See Basal layer
See Fiber layers
See Fibril layer
See Matrix layer
See Epicuticle

Male specific cells in ventral cord
Male specific cells in ventral cord
Male specific cells in ventral cord
Male specific cells in ventral cord
Male specific motor neurons in ventral cord
Male specific motor neurons in ventral cord
Male specific motor neurons in ventral cord
Male specific motor neurons in ventral cord
Male specific interneurons project into preanal ganglion
Male specific interneurons project into preanal ganglion

The typical undulating locomotory behavior displayed by most nematodes, including C. elegans when moving on a solid or semi-solid substrate (Crofton, 1971; Nicholas, 1975). C. elegans tends to crawl forward more often and more skillfully than backwards, except for adult males, which spend more time moving backwards.

See Swimming

The internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The foldings of the membrane create a large surface area where the reactions for cellular respiration to take place.

See Mitochondrion

The deliberate production of cross-progeny by the mating of males and hermaphrodites.

See Backcross
See Outcross

A common deformity in the development of the spicules of the male tail as a result of certain mutations. This deformity generally causes male sterility. Whereas normal spicules are created as long straight rigid structures, supported by a keratinized outer cuticle, various mutations lead them to become malformed where they are shorter, bent or too pliable to function in mating behavior.

See Spicule

The ability to survive for long periods of time in a metabolically inactive state, whether due to low oxygen, low temperature (including freezing), dessication or even high temperature, among others.

This is different from diapause, but it would seem that larval stage animals are much better suited to survive cryptobiotic conditions than other stages or dauer animals. Similarly, in the laboratory, most mutant strains of C. elegans are best stored for long intervals (years) under liquid nitrogen as freshly starved L1-L2 larvae (Stiernagle, 2006). Some nematode species are much better suited to long term cryptobiotic survival than C. elegans (Nicholas, 1975).

A distinctive posture of the male tail often seen in animals suspended in liquid medium, involving a deep bending on the ventral side. Adult males exposed to high serotonin levels exogenouosly often will curl and sometimes become frozen in this position (Loer and Kenyon, 1993).

A rigid external coating which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some interfacial epithelial cells. It covers the outer body, the major openings into the body cavity (mouth, excretory pore, rectum) and two large sensory bristles, the male spicules. The cuticle of the spicules, the hook, and of some portions of the spicule channels is especially rigid and is probably sclerotized. Similar sclerotic features are occasionally noted in the ventral surface of the male tail fan, and are also seen at the three apices of the buccal cuticle, reinforcing the shape of the cuticle channels there.

The adult cuticle is comprised of many distinct layers, not all of which may be evident in any one cross-section by electron microscopy. Larval and dauer cuticles may look substantially different. The dauer cuticle is relatively much thicker than other stages (Kramer, 1997), as is the cuticle of very old adults (Herndon et al., 2002). However, neither condition seems to involve the creation of extra layers, but just the thickening of certain sublayers.

The cuticle of the buccal cavity and pharynx is qualitatively different from the body cuticle, lacking layers and forming a series of complex specializations, including the flaps, sieve and grinder. It is virtually separate from the body cuticle except for tenuous connections through the “bridging cuticle” (Hall, unpublished).

For more detail see Page and Johnstone, 2007 and WormAtlasHermaphrodite Cuticle and Dauer Cuticle sections.

See Basal layer
See Boundary zone
See Channel
See Cortical layer
See Fibril layer
See Molt
See Matrix layer

Shallow circumferentially-oriented indentations in the cuticle. The ridges between furrows are the annuli.

See Annuli

A non-viable cell fragment which has broken off from a parent cell, or also it can be a residual fragment of a dead or dying cell. Cytoplasts most often contain no nuclear material, and thus cannot reproduce or maintain themselves (Sulston and Horvitz, 1981). Other categories of cytoplasts may exist as exudates or waste products which assemble spontaneously outside of any cell, such as crystalloids in some species.

See Bleb
See Brush
See Crystalloid

Archaic term for an organelle lying within a cell’s cytoplasm which might be either an endosome (membrane-bound) or a free granule, possibly comprised of yolk or lipid (Popham and Webster, 1979).