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<span class="style5"><a name="Epithelialsystemofmaleintroduction" id="Epithelialsystemofmaleintroduction"></a>EPITHELIAL SYSTEM OF THE MALE </span>- INTRODUCTION </span>
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<td width="1169" height="1875" align="left" class="style1"><a name="Generalinformation1"></a><span class="style10"><br>
1 General Information </span>
<p>The epithelial system includes cells of the hypodermis, the lateral seam and the interfacial cells that line the major openings to the outside such as the rectum and the sensory organ openings. Most differences between male and hermaphrodite epithelial systems are found in the posterior. The male tail bears a copulatory apparatus which is composed of several types of male-specific sensory organs (see Male Neuronal Support Cells: <a href="../rays/Rayframeset.html" target="_blank">Rays</a>, <a href="../spicules/Spicframeset.html" target="_blank">Spicules</a>, <a href="../hook/Hookframeset.html" target="_blank">Hook</a> and <a href="../postcloacal/PCSframeset.html" target="_blank">Post-cloacal sensilla</a>), a modified rectum (see Male Epithelial System -<a href="../proctodeum/Procframeset.html"> Proctodeum</a>) and a remodeled hypodermal tail tip (see Male Epithelial System - <a href="../hypodermis/MaleHypframeset.html">Hypodermis</a>). The posterior lateral seam in the male, instead of producing alae, makes sensory organs called rays that are embedded in a cuticular fan (<a href="#MaleEpiFIG1">MaleEpiFIG 1</a>; <a href="#Sulston1977" target="_blank">Sulston and Horvitz, 1977</a>;<a href="#Sulston1980" target="_blank"> Sulston et al., 1980</a>;<a href="#Sulston1983" target="_blank"> Sulston et al., 1983</a>; Male Epithelial System - <a href="../hypodermis/MaleHypframeset.html">Hypodermis</a>).</p>
<div align="center"><img src="images/MaleEpiFIG1.jpg" alt="MaleEpiFIG 1 Summary of male epithelial system cell groups" name="MaleEpiFIG1" width="772" height="1101" border="0" align="middle" class="Galborder" id="MaleEpiFIG1"><a name="MaleEpiFIG1" id="MaleEpiFIG1"></a></div>
<span class="picturetitle"> MaleEpiFIG 1: Summary of male epithelial system cell groups. </span>
<p>Most sex-specific differences in the epithelial system are established post-embryonically. The various sense organs and copulatory structures of the male are derived from blast cells that are present in both sexes at hatching but that execute different lineages in males and hermaphrodites (<a href="#MaleEpiFIG2">MaleEpiFIG 2)</a>. These cells produce not only different cells in the male but in general more cells. For example, in males<a href="http://www.wormbase.org/species/all/anatomy_term/WBbt:0008064" target="_blank"> rectal epithelial B cell</a> produces 47 progeny that will form the <a href="../proctodeum/Procframeset.html">proctodeum</a> (proctodeal chamber and spicules). By contrast, the <a href="http://www.wormbase.org/species/all/anatomy_term/WBbt:0008063" target="_blank">hermaphrodite B cell</a> does not divide and contributes only itself to the lining of the hermaphrodite rectum. Also during post-embryonic development, some sex-common structures, such as the phasmids and the tail tip hypodermis, become sexually dimorphic: these structures are formed from the same cells in the two sexes but in the male cell borders or cell morphologies are altered (<a href="#Sulston1977" target="_blank">Sulston and Horvitz, 1977</a>;<a href="#Sulston1980" target="_blank"> Sulston et al., 1980</a>;<a href="#Sulston1983" target="_blank"> Sulston et al., 1983</a>; <a href="#Nguyen1999" target="_blank">Nguyen et al., 1999</a>). </p>
<div align="center"><img src="images/MaleEpiFIG2.jpg" alt="MaleEpiFIG 2 L1 origin of adult male epithelial system cells" name="MaleEpiFIG2" width="707" height="320" border="0" align="middle" class="Galborder" id="MaleEpiFIG2"><a name="MaleEpiFIG2" id="MaleEpiFIG2"></a></div>
<span class="picturetitle">
MaleEpiFIG 2: L1 origin of adult male epithelial system cells.</span></td>
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<span class="subtitle"><a name="References2" id="References2"></a></span><span class="style10"><br>
2 References</span>
<p><a name="Nguyen1999"></a>Nguyen, C.Q., Hall, D.H., Yang, Y. and Fitch, D.H.A. 1999. Morphogenesis of the <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> male tail tip. Dev. Biol. <strong>207</strong>: 86-106. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1998.9173" target="_blank">Article</a></p>
<p><a name="Sulston1977"></a>Sulston, J.E. and Horvitz, H. R. 1977. Post-embryonic cell lineages of the nematode <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>. <em>Dev. Biol.</em> <strong>56</strong>: 110-156. <a href="http://www.wormatlas.org/ver1/postemblin_1977/toc.html" target="_blank">Article</a> </p>
<p><a name="Sulston1980"></a>Sulston, J.E., Albertson, D.G. and Thomson, J.N. 1980. The <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> male: Postembryonic development of nongonadal structures. Dev Biol. <strong>78</strong>: 542-576. <a href="http://www.wormatlas.org/ver1/Sulston postembmale_1980/toc.html" target="_blank">Article </a></p>
<p><a name="Sulston1983"></a>Sulston, J.E., Schierenberg, E., White J.G. and Thomson, J.N. 1983. The embryonic cell lineage of the nematode <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>. Dev. Biol. <strong>100</strong>: 64-119. <a href="http://www.wormatlas.org/ver1/Sulstonemblin_1983/toc.html" target="_blank">Article</a> </p>
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This chapter should be cited as: Lints, R. and Hall, D.H. 2009. Male epithelial system, introduction. In<em> WormAtlas</em>. doi:<a href="dx.doi.org/10.3908/wormatlas.2.6">10.3908/wormatlas.2.6 </a><br>
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Edited for the web by Laura A. Herndon. Last revision: July 11, 2013. </td>
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