VD1, VD2, VD3, VD4, VD5, VD6, VD7, VD8, VD9, VD10, VD11, VD12, VD13
Type: Motor neuron
In MoW: VDn
Male Wiring Project: VDn, VD08, VD09, VD10, VD11, VD12, VD13
In Wormbase: VD1, VD2, VD3, VD4, VD5,
VD6, VD7, VD8, VD9, VD10, VD11, VD12, VD13
Lineage: W.pp, P1.app, P2.app, P3.app,
P4.app, P5.app, P6.app, P7.app, P8.app,
P9.app, P10.app, P11.app, P12.app
Location: Body (ventral nerve cord)
Description: Postembryonically born. GABAergic inhibitory ventral cord motor neurons.
Neurotransmitter/ Neuropeptide:
- GABA
Innexin expression:
- INX-3
- INX-14
- UNC-9
(Altun et al., 2009)
Receptor expression:
- NPR-1; receptor for flp-18- and flp-21-encoded peptides
Function:
- Sinusoidal body movement-locomotion.
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![](../Images/vd1.jpg)
![](../Images/vd2.jpg)
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Click pictures for higher resolution images
Schematic diagrams of
the ventral cord motor neurons
AS Neurons
![AS neurons](../../images/VCMNdorsalASlr.jpg) |
DA and DB Neurons
![Dosal DA and DB neurons](../../images/VCMNdorsalABlr.jpg) |
VA Neurons
![VA neurons](../../images/VCMNventralAlr.jpg)
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VB Neurons
![VB neurons](../../images/VCMNventralBlr.jpg) |
VC Neurons
![VC neurons](../../images/VCMNventralClr.jpg) |
DD and VD Neurons
![DD VD neurons](../../images/VCMNventraldorsalDlr.jpg) |
In all diagrams,axon processes with
neuromuscular synapses (NMJ) are shown as whereas dendritic processes where synaptic inputs are received are shown as .
Class A axons run forward in both
cords (VNC and DC) whereas the class B axons run backwards. The dendritic branches
of the dorsal and ventral class A neurons run in opposite directions as do those
from class Bneurons. Ventral class D neurons receive their synaptic input on
the dorsal side and give NMJ's on the ventral side. The dorsal type D neurons
have half the periodicity of their ventral counterparts and receive synapses
on the ventral side and give NMJ's on the dorsal side. Class AS neurons only
synapse on the dorsal side and have no ventral counterpart, whereas, the class
C neurons only synapse on the ventral side. The synapses from class C motor
neurons onto body muscles are less dense than for the other classes (White
J. et al, 1976.)
Synaptic map and process positioning of the ventral cord motor neurons
Connections of each motor neuron class
Motor neuron class |
Chemical synapses to other motor neurons |
Chemical synapses from |
Gap junctions |
AS |
DA, DD, VD |
AVA, AVB, AVD, AVE |
DA, VA, AVA |
DA |
DB, DD, VD |
AVA, AVD, AVE, HSNR, PVCL, SABVL |
AS, VA, AVA |
DB |
AS, DD, VD |
DVA, PVC, PVR |
DB, VB, AVB |
DD |
VD |
RID, VC1-3 |
DD, VD |
VA* |
DD, VA, VB, VD |
AVA, AVB, AVD, AVE |
AS, DA, AVA, SABD |
VB* |
DD, VA, VD |
PVC |
VB, DB, AVB |
VD |
VA, VB |
AVEL, PVNR, VC1-3 |
DD, VA, VD, PVPR |
(Based on the Mind of a Worm and Haspel & Donovan 2011; *VA1,3,5 and VB1,4,7 have slightly different connections than the remainder of the class) |
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